Phrase (phrase) is a group of words (2 words or more) that can function as a noun (noun), as a verb (verb), as an adjective (adj), or as an adverb (adverb). With the exception of the absolute phrase, the phrase has no subject.
A phrase can contain: phrase class-specific word. For example, the "adjective noun phrase" will form a noun phrase; "adjective noun phrase" will form the adjective phrase, and so on.
1. Phrase Types
Naming is generally based on headword phrase (keywords) that make up the phrase. Headword This phrase is usually located at the beginning or end of phrases or sometimes in the middle phrase.
Based on its headword, phrase types in English, among others:
a. Noun Phrase, which is his phrase is a noun headword, which is placed at the end or middle of the phrase. Noun phrases can be preceded by the article (a, an, the), demonstrative (this, that, these, those), modifier (Some, any, etc.), or by the adjective pronoun (my, your, his, etc.).
Example:
* An extremely fast runner.
* This bouquet of roses
* My fiancée.
* The laptop.
* His sisters.
* The substance in this bottle
* My sister's room
NOTE: The word in bold is its headword.
b. Gerundive (gerund) Phrase, namely that headwordnya a gerund phrase, which is placed at the beginning of phrase. Gerund phrase is generally terminated by a noun.
Example:
* Reading a book.
* Playing chess.
* Drinking beer.
* Stealing my book.
NOTE: The word in bold is its headword. In reading a book, "a book" itself is a noun phrase, which is the direct object of "reading", while in stealing my book "my book" is a noun phrase is a direct object of "stealing".
c. Phrase infinitive, that is his phrase that headword infinitive form, which is placed at the beginning of phrase. Infinitive phrase is generally terminated by a noun.
Example:
* To play chess
* To buy That red car
* To solve this mathematics problem
NOTE: The word in bold is its headword. "That red car" and "this mathematics problem" is a noun phrase.
d. Verb Phrase, that is his phrase that headword form of verb, which is placed at the end of the phrase. Preceded by the auxiliary verb phrase. The forms of verb phrase, among others:
* Be verb-ing/verb3
* Has / have / Had verb3
* Has / have / Had been verb-ing/verb3
* Capital verb1
* Capital verb-ing/verb3 be
* Capital have verb3
* Capital have been verb-ing/verb, ff.
Example:
* Am typing.
* Has passed
* See earnest.
* Earnest have graduated. ff.
NOTE: The word in bold is its headword.
e. Phrasal Verb, ie "verb preposition / adverb."
Example:
* Looked after.
* Going out with.
* Look forward to.
NOTE: The word in bold is its headword.
f. Adverbial (adverb) Phrase, that is his phrase that headword form of an adverb, which is placed at the end of the phrase. Adverbial phrase preceded by an adverb. Adverb whose position in front and behind it an adverb describing is called intensifier.
Example:
* Very Quickly
* Extremely fast
* Almost never
g. Prepositional Phrase, that is his phrase that headword form of an adverb. Prepositional phrase preceded by a preposition, and is generally terminated by a noun.
Example:
* Into the woods
* On the chair
* At home
* On Time
* In the morning
NOTE: The word in bold is its headword.
h. Adjectival (Adjective) Phrase, that is his phrase that headword form of adjective. The location of its headword in general at the end of the phrase, which is preceded by an adverb. Sometimes it headword placed at the beginning phrase, which is usually explained by another adjective.
Example:
* Extremely toxic
* Full of dolls
* Extremely fast
NOTE: The word in bold is its headword.
i. Participial Phrase, that is his phrase that headword participle form, both the present participle (ie verb-ing) and past pasticiple (ie verb3), which placed the beginning of phrase. Participial phrases always function as an adjective.
Example:
* Breast-feeding her baby
* Calling you
* Stormed by gun fire
NOTE: The word in bold is its headword.
j. Appositive Phrase, the phrase that his form of appositive headword (noun or pronoun Appositive is enabled to replace the noun or pronoun). Appositive phrase is the result of reduction of non-restrictive clause, other than those preceded by a participle.
Example:
* My cat
* The teacher Match
* The ones I wore last night
NOTE: The word in bold is its headword.
2. Phrase Usage in a sentence
a. As a Noun Phrase.
Phrase that can function as a noun (either as subject or as an object (direct object, indirect object, or object of preposition), among others:
- Noun Phrase.
Example:
* He is an extremely fast runner.
* I will from send this bouquet of roses to my fiancée.
* He Bought the laptop for his sisters.
* The substance in this bottle is extremely toxic.
* My sister's room is full of dolls.
- Gerundive (gerund) Phrase.
Example:
* Reading a book is her hobby.
* I love playing chess.
* He stopped drinking beer.
* He Did not confess to stealing my book.
- Infinitive Phrase.
Example:
* I want to play chess now.
* He decided to buy That red car.
* To solve this mathematics problem needs three equations.
- Prepositional Phrase.
Example:
* In the morning is a prepositional phrase.
* From this Moment is a song sung by Shaina Twain.
b. As a Verb Phrase.
Phrase that can function as a verb, among others:
-Verb Phrase
Example:
* I am typing this comment.
* Andi has passed the exam
* We will of see you again.
* Susan will from have graduated by August this year. ff.
- Phrasal verbs.
Example:
* My Grandparents looked after me Until I was 6 years old.
* She has been going out with uterus since They met three years ago.
* I look forward to seeing you soon.
c. Phrase as an adverb.
Phrase that can function as an adverb, among others:
- Adverbial phrase
Example:
* She runs very Quickly.
* The thief disappeared into the woods extremely fast.
* He Almost never comes on time.
- Prepositional Phrase:
that can be able to function as an adverb of place (information sites) and an adverb of time (time information).
Example:
* The thief disappeared into the woods extremely fast. (Adv. of place)
* The food on the table looked delicious. (Adv. of place)
* I am at home now. (Adv. of place)
* He Almost never comes on time. (Adv. of time)
* They left in the morning. (Adv. of time)
4. Phrase as Adjective.
Phrase that can function as adjective, among others:
- Adjective Phrase.
Example:
* The substance in this bottle is extremely toxic.
* My sister's room is full of dolls.
* He is an extremely fast runner.
- Participial Phrase.
Example:
* The mother breast-feeding her baby over there is' running out of money.
* I think the girl likes you calling you.
* All people stormed by gun fire in That building were the resource persons found dead.
NOTE: This phrase Participial a reduction of the adjective clause (excluding the appositive phrase.)
- Appositive Phrase.
Example:
* Andi, my dogs, is very big.
* Mr. Santy, the Home teacher, is from California.
* I can not find the jeans, the ones I wore last night.
B. Clause
Clause (clause) is a series / group of words which at least has a subject and predicate. Clause are generally preceded by a relative pronoun, but the relative pronoun is often omitted. Besides preceded by a relative pronoun, clause also could be initiated by the conjunction.
Based on the dependence of the other clause, clause divided into two, namely independent clause (clause-free) and the dependent clause (the clause is not free). An independent clause can stand on its own into a sentence, while the dependent clause does not. Dependent clause always requires an independent clause.
Based on the function, the dependent clause (also called subordinate clause) can be differentiated into: noun clause, adjective clause, and adverb clause
1. Noun Clause, which functioned as a noun clause.
* I love how you love me.
* It is Important That We help one another.
* Have I toll you lately That I love you?
NOTE: Read more please read the topic: Noun Clauses.
2. Adjective Clause (or relative clause) is a clause which functioned as an adjective. There are two types of adjective clause, namely: non-restrictive clause restrictive clause.
Examples of restrictive clause:
* The mother Who is breast-feeding her baby over there is' running out of money.
* I think the girl WHO Called you likes you.
* All people WHO were the resource persons by gun fire stormed in. That building were the resource persons found dead.
Examples of non-restrictive clause:
* Robby, the which is my dog, is very big.
* Mr. Smith, Who is the Home teacher, is from Canada.
* I can not find the jeans, the which are the ones I wore last night.
NOTE: Special Topics for the adjective has not been posted. For the moment please read the Use of the WHO, WHOM, WHOSE and Use and Which.
3. Adverb Clause, which functioned as an adverb clause.
Example:
* My Grandparents looked after me Until I was 6 years old.
* She has been going out with uterus since They met three years ago.
* You say it best When you say nothing at all.
1.Simple photographic lenses cannot.....sharp, undistorted images over a wide field.
a.to form
b.Are formed
c.Forming
d.Form
2.Of all the factors affecting agricultural yields, weather is the one.....the most.
a.In influences farmers
b.That influences farmers
c.Farmers that it influences
d.Why farmers influences it
3.Beverly Sills, ..... assumed directorship of the New York City Opera in 1979
a.Be a star soprano
b.Was a star soprano
c.A star soprano and
d.A star soprano
4...... of tissues is known as histology
a.Studying scientific
b.The scientific study
c.To study scientifically
d.That is scientific studying
5.With the exception of mercury, .... at standard temperature and pressure
a.The metallic elemant are solid
b.Which is solid a solid metallic elemant
c.Metallic elements being solid
d.Since the metallic elements are solid
6.Potential dehydration is.........that a land animal faces
a.The often greatest hazard
b.The greatest often hazard
c.Often the greatest hazard
d.Often the hazarad greatest
7.By tracking the eye of hurricane, forcasters can determine the speed at which.....
a.Is a storm moving
b.a storm is moving
c.is moving a storm
d.a moving storm
8.The grapes of wath, a novel about the depression years of the 1930’s, is one of John Steinbeck’s.......books.
a.Most famous
b.The most famous
c.Are most famous
d.And most famous
9.Technology will play a key role in......future life-styles
a.To shape
b.Shaping
c.Shape of
d.Shaped
10.The computer has dramatically affected...........photographic lenses are constructed.
a.Is the way
b.That the way
c.Which way do
d.The way
11.The early railroads were.....the existing arteries of transportation:roads, turnpikes,canals, and other waterways.
a.Those short lines connected
b.Short lines that connected
c.Connected by short lines
d.Short connecting lines
12...........as a masterpiece, a work of art must transcend the ideals of the period in which it was created
a.Ranks
b.The ranking
c.To be ranked
d.For being ranked
13.Jackie Robinson,...........to play baseball in the major leagues, joined the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947.
a.The Black American who first
b.The first Black American
c.Was the first Black American
d.The first and a black American who
14.During the flood of 1927, the Red Cross..........out of emergency headquarters Mississipi, set up temporary shelters for the homeless.
a.Operates
b.Is operating
c.Has operated
d.Operating
15.In bacteria and in other organisms,......is the nucleic acid DNA that provides the generic information.
a.Both
b.Which
c.And
d.It
Written Expression
Directions : in questions 16-40 each sentences has for underlined words of phrases. The for underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Identify the one underlined answer sheet, find the number of the questions and fill in the space that correspons to the letter of the answer you have chosen.
Look at the following example :
Example I
Guppies are sometimes call (A)rainbow fish (B)because of (C) the males’ bright (D) colors.
The sentence should read, “Guppies are sometimes called rainbow fish because of the males’ bright colors.” Therefore, you should choose ( A ).
Example II
Serving (A) several term (B) in Congress, Shirley Chisholm became an important (C) UnitedStates politician (D).
The sentence should read. “Serving several terms in Congress, Shirley Chisholm became in important United States politician.” Therefore, you should choose ( B ).
Now begin work on the questions.
16.Twenty to thirty year (A) after a mature forest is cleared away (B), a nearly (C) impenetrable thicket oftrees and shrubs develops(D).
17.The first (A) national park in world (B). Yellowstone National Park, was (C) established in (D) 1872.
18.Because(A) it does not have a blood supply (B), the cornea takes their(C) oxygen directly (D) from the air.
19.Magnificent mountains (A) and coastal (B) scenery is (C) British Columbia’s chief (D) tourist attractions.
20.Scientists at universities (A) are often (B) more involved (C) in theoretical research than in practically (D)research.
21.John Rosamond Johnson he composed (A) numerous songs (B), including (C)Lift Every Voice andSing, for which (D) his brother, James Weldon Johnson, wrote the words.
22.Nylon, a synthetic done (A) from a combination (B) of water, air, and a by-product of coal (C), was firstIntroduced (D) in 1938.
23.Ornithology, the study of birds, is one of the major (A) scientific fields (B) in which amateurs play (C) arole in accumulating, researching, and publish(D) data.
24.Animation is a technique (A) for creativity (B) the illusion of life (C) in inanimate things (D).
25.The nonviolent protest advocated by (A) Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr proving (B) highly effective inan age of expanding (C) television news coverage (D).
26.On December 7, 1787, Delaware became a first state to ratify the Constitution.
(A)(B) (C) (D)
27.Nutritionists believe what diet affects how one feels physically and emotionally.
(A)(B) (C) (D)
28.Mealii Kalama, creator of over (A) 400 Hawaiian quilts, was granted (B) a National Heritagebellowship in 1985 for herself (C)contributions (D) to folk art.
29.A jetty serves (A) to define and deepen a channel (B), improve navigate (C), or protect a harbor (D).
30.Minoru Yamasaki is an American architect which (A) works departed from (B) the austerityFrequently (C) associated with (D) architecture in the United States after the Second World War.
31.Chemical research provides (A) information that is useful when (B) the textile(C) industry in theCreation(D) of synthetic fabrics.
32.Jane Addams, social worker, author, and spokeswoman(A) for the peace and women’s suffrageMovements(B), she received(C) the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 for her humanitarian(D) achievements.
33.Bromyrite crystals have(A) a diamond-like luster and are usually colorless(B), but they dark(C) tobrown when exposed(D) to light.
34.Stars(A) in our universe vary in(B) temperature, color, bright(C), size, and mass(D).
35.Ice is less denser(A)than(B) the liquid from which(C)it(D) is formed.
36.The 1983 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded(A) to Barbara McClintock for her experimentsWith(B) maize and her discoveries(C)regardless(D) the nature of DNA.
37.In (A) 1866 to 1883, the bison population in North America was reduced(B) from an estimated(C) 13 million to a few hundred(D).
38.Most of the damage property(A) attributed to(B) the San Fransisco earthquake of(C) 1906 resultedfrom the fire that followed(D).
39.James Baldwin’s plays and short stories, which are(A) to some degree(B) autobiographical, established them(C) as a leading(D) figure in the United States civil rights movement.
40.Thunder can be listened(A) from a maximum(B) distance of about ten miles except(C) under unusual(D) atmospheric conditions.
As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni indians of North america were building with adobe – sun-baked brick plastered with mud. There homes looked remarkably like modern apartement houses some were four stories high and contained quartersfor perhaps thousand people. Along with store rooms for grain and other goods. This building were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies. They were really villages in them selves as later spanish explorers must have realized since they called them “pueblos”, which is spanish for towns.
The people of the pueblos raised what are called ”the three sister”—corn, beans, and squash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they could hold water. The Southwest has always been a dry country, where water is scarce. The Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches. Water was so important that it played a major role in their religion. They developed elaborate ceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain.
The way of life of les-settled groups was simpler and more strongly influenced by nature. Small tribes such as the Shosone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted seals, walruses, ang the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow. When summer came, they fished for salmon and hunted the lordly caribou.
The Cheyenne, Pawnee, and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the grassland between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted bison, commonly called the buffalo. Its meat was the chief food of these tribes, and its hide was used to make their clothing and the covering of their tents and tipis.
41.What does the passage mainly discuss?
a.The architecture of early American Indian buildings
b.The movement of American Indians across North America
c.Ceremonies and rituals of American Indians
d.The way of life of American Indian tribes in early North America
42.According to the passage, the Hopi and Zuni typically built their homes
a.In valleys
b.Next to streams
c.On open plains
d.Agains cliffs
43.The word “They” in line 6 refers to
a.Goods
b.Buildings
c.Cliffs
d.Enemies
44.It can be inferred from the passage that the dwellings of the Hopi and Zuni were
a.very small
b.highly advance
c.difficult to defend
d.quickly constructed
45.The author uses the phrase “the three sisters” in line 8 to refer to
a.Hopi women
b.Family members
c.Important crops
d.Rain ceremonies
46.The word “scarce” in line 10 is closest in meaning to
a.Limited
b.Hidden
c.Pure
d.Necessary
47.which of the following is true of the Shoshone and Ute?
a.They were not as settled as the Hopi and Zuni
b.They hunted caribou
c.They built their homes with adobe
d.They didn’a have many religious ceremonies
48.According to the passage, which of the following tribes lived in the grassland?
a.The Shoshone and Ute
b.The Cheyenne and Sioux
c.The Hopi and Zuni
d.The pawnee and Inuit
49.Which of the following animals was most important to the Plains Indians?
a.The Salmon
b.The Caibou
c.The seal
d.The buffalo
50.Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the author as adwelling place of early North Americans?
a.Log cabins
b.Adobe houses
c.Tipis
d.Igloos
51.The author gives an explaination for all of the following word EXCEPT
a.Adobe
b.Pueblos
c.Caribou
d.Bison
52.The author groups North American Indians according to their
a.Tribes and geographycal regions
b.Arts and crafts
c.Rituals and ceremonies
d.Date of apperanmce of the continent
Marianne Moore (1887-1972) once said that her writting could be called poetry only because there was no other name for it. Indeed her poems appear to be extremely compressed essays that happen to be printed in jagged lines on the page. Her subjects were varied: animals, labores, artist, and the craft of poetry. From her general reading came quotations that she found striking or insightful. She included these in her poems, scrupulously enclosed in quotation marks and sometimes identified in footnotes. Of this practice, she wrote, “ ‘why the many quotation marks?’ I am asked. . . when a thing has been said so well that it could not be said better, why paraphrase it?Hence my writting is, if not a cabinet of fossils, a kind of collection of flies in amber.” Close observation and consentration on detail are the methods of her poetry.
Marianne Moore grew up in kirkwood, Missouri, near St. Louis. After graduation from Bryn Mawr College in 1909, she taught commercial subjects at the Indian school in Carlisle, Pennsylvannia. Later she became a librarian in New York City. During the 1920’s she was editor of The Dial, an importan literary magazine of the period. She lived quietly all her life, mostly in Brooklyn, New York. She spent a lot of time at the Bronx Zoo, fascinated by animals. Her admiration of the Brooklyn Dodgers – before the team moved to Los Angeles- was widely known.
Her first book of poems was published in London in 1921 by a group of friends associeted with the imagist movement. From that time on her poetry has been read with interest by succeeding generations of poets and readers. In 1952 she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for her Collected Poems. She wrote that she did not write poetry “for money or fame. To earn a living is needful, but it can be done in routine ways. One writes because one has a burning desire to objectivy what it is indispensable to one’s happiness to express...”
53.What is the passage mainly about?
a.The influance of the imagist on Marianne Moore
b.Essayists and poets of the 1920’s
c.The use was quotations in poetry
d.Marianne Moore’s life and work
54.Which of the following can be inferred about Moore’s poems?
a.They are better known in Europe than the United States
b.They do not use traditional verse forms
c.They were all published in The Dial
d.They tend to be abstract
55.According to the passage Moore wrote about all of the following EXCEPT
a.Artists
b.Animals
c.Fossils
d.Workers
56.What does Moore refer to as “flies in amber” (line 9)?
a.A common image in her poetry
b.Poetry in the twentieth century
c.Concentration on detail
d.Quotations within her poetry
57.The author mentions all of the following as jobs held by Moore EXCEPT
a.Commercial artist
b.Teacher
c.Magazine editor
d.Librarian
58.The word “period” in line 13 is closest in meaning to
a.Movement
b.School
c.Region
d.Time
59.Where did Moore spend most of her adult life?
a.In Kirkwood
b.In Brooklyn
c.In Los Angeles
d.In Carlisle
60.The word “succeeding” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
a.Inheriting
b.Prospering
c.Diverse
d.Later
61.The word “it” in line 21 refers to
a.Writing poetry
b.Becoming famous
c.Earning a living
d.Attracting readers
62.It can be inferred from the passage that Moore wrote because she
a.Wanted to win award
b.Was disatisfied with what others wrote
c.Felt a need to express herself
d.Wanted to raise money for the Bronx Zoo
Questions 23-30
What makes it rain?Rain falls from clouds the same reason anything falls to Earth. The Earth’s gravity pulls it. But every cloud is made of water droplets or ice crystals. Why doesn’t rain or snow fall constantly from all clouds? The droplets or ice crystals in clouds are exceedingly small. The effect of gravity in them is minute. Air currents move and lift droplets so that the net down ward displacement is zero, even though the droplets are in constant motion.
Droplets and ice crystals behave somewhat like dust in the air made visible in a shaft of sunlight. To the casual observer, dust seems to act in a totally random fashion, moving about chaotically without fixed direction. But in fact dust particles are much larger than water droplets and they finally fall. The average size of a cloud droplest is only 0,004 inch in diameter. It is so small that it would take sixteen hours to fall half a mile in perfectly still air,and it does not fall out of moving air at all. Only when the droplet grows to a diameter of 0,008 inch or larger can it fall from the cloud. The average raindrop contains a million times as much water as a tiny cloud droplet. The growth of a cloud to a size large enough to fall out is the cause of rain and other forms of precipitation. This important growth is called” coalescence”.
63.What is the main topic of the passage?
a.the mechanics of rain
b.the weather patterns of North America
c.how Earth’s gravity affects agriculture
d.types of clouds.
64.The word “ minute “ in line 4 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
a.Second
b.Tiny
c.Slow
d.Steady
65.The word “ motion “ in line 5 closest in meaning to..
a.Wind
b.Change
c.Movement
d.Humidity
66.Ice crystals do not immediately fall to Earth because,
a.they are kept aloft by air currents
b.they combine with other chemicals in the atmosphere
c.most of them evaporate
d.their electrical charges draw them away from the earth.
67.The word “ random “in line 7 is closest in meaning to..
a.Unpredictable
b.Perplexing
c.Independent
d.Abnormal
68.what can be inferred about drops of water larger than 0,008 inch in diameter?
a.they never occur
b.they are not affected by the force of gravity
c.in still air they would fall to earth.
d.in moving air they fall at a speed of thirty-two miles per hour.
69.how much bigger drop than a cloud droplet?
a.200 times bigger
b.1000 times bigger
c.100000 times bigger
d.1000000 times bigger
70.in this passage, what does the term “ coalescence” refer to?
a.the ghatering of small clouds to form larger clouds
b.the growth of droplest
c.the effect of gravity on precipitition
d.the movement of dust particles in the sunlight
Questions 31-40
People appear to be born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy – one plate, one knife,one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs. Soon they are capable of nothing that they have placed five knives, spoons, and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fivteen pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction. It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrevied seven years later, he or she could enter a second – grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjusment.
Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped-or, as the case might be, bumped into-concept that adults take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from q short stout glass into a tall thin one. Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the rudiments if mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers- the idea of oneness, a twoness, a threeness taht applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table- is itself from innate.
71.what does the passage mainly discuss?
a.trends in teaching mathematics to children.
b.the use of mathematics in child psychology
c.the development mathematical ability in children
d.the fundamental concepts of mathematic that children must learn.
72.it can be inferred from the passage that children normally learn simple counting?
a.soon after they learn to talk
b.by looking at the clock
c.when they begin to be mathematically mature
d.after they reach second grade in school.
73.the word “ illuminated “ in line 11 is closests in meaning to..
a.illustrated
b.accepted
c.clarified
d.lighted
74.the author implies that most small children believe that the quantity of water changes when it is transfered to a container of a different..
a.color
b.quality
c.weight
d.shape
75.According to the passage , when small children were asked to count a pile of red and blue pencils they..
a.counted the number of pencils of each color.
b.guessed at the total number of pencils.
c.counted only the pencils of their favorite color.
d.subtracted the number of red pencil from the number of blue pencils.
76.the word “ they “ in line 17 refers to
a.mathematicians
b.children
c.pencils
d.studies
77.the word “ prerequisite “ in line 19 is closest in meanin g to..
a.reason
b.theory
c.requirement
d.technique
78.the word “itself “ in line 20 refers to ..
a.the total
b.the concept abstract numbers
c.any class of objects
d.setting a table
79.with which of the following statements would the author be LEAST likely to agree?
a.children naturally and easily learn mathematics.
b.children learn to add before they learn to subtract
c.most people follow the same pattern of mathematical development
d.mathematical development is subtle and gradual.
80.where in the passage does the author give an example of a hypothetical experiment?
a.lines 3-6
b.lines 7-9
c.lines 11-14
d.lines 17-20
Questions 41-50
Botany, the study of plants,occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of preindustrial societies that still exists, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food piramid for all living things, even for other plants. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools,dyes,medicines,shelter,and a great many other purpose. Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. To them botany,as such,has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of “ knowledge” at all.
Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the list distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will file to recognize a rose,an apple,or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10.000years ago, discovered that certain grasses couls be harvested and their seeds planted for richers yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture : cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little their from many varieties that grew wild- and the acculumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wile would begin to fade away.
81.which of the following assumptions about early humans expressed in the passage?
a.they probably had extensive knowledge of plants
b.they divided knowledge into well-defined fields
c.they did not enjoy the study of botany
d.they placed great importance on ownership of property
82.the word “ peculiar” in line 1 is closest in meaning to ...
a.clear
b.large
c.unusual
d.important
83.what does the comment “ this is logical” in lines 5-6 mean?
a.there is no clear way to determine the extent of our ancestors knowledge of plants
b.it is not suprising that early humans had a detailed knowldege of plants
c.it is reasonable to assume that our ancestors behaved very much like people in preindustrial societies
d.human knowledge of plants is well organized and very detailed.
84.the phrase “properties of each” in line 10 refers to each..
a.tribe
b.hundred
c.plant
d.purpose
85.according to the passage,why has general knowledge of botany declined?
a.people no lorger value plants as a useful resource
b.botany is not recognized as a special branch of science
c.research is unable to keep up with the increasing number of plants
d.direct contact with a variety of plants has decreased
86.in line 15, what is the author’s purpose in mentioning a rose,an apple,or an orchid”?
a.to make the passage more poetic
b.to cite examples of plants that are attractive
c.to give botanical examples that most readers will recognize
d.to illustrate the diversity of botanical life.
87.according to the passage, what was the first great step toward the practise of agriculture?
a.the envention of agricultural implements and machinery
b.the development of a system of names for plants
c.the discovery of grasses that could be harvested and replanted
d.the changing diets of early humans
88.the word “ controlled”in line 19 is closest in meaning to..
a.abundant
b.managed
c.required
d.advanced
89.the relationship between botany and agriculture is similar to the relatiinship between zoology ( the study of animals) and...
a.deer hunting
b.bird watching
c.sheep raising
d.horseback riding
90.where in the passage does the author describe the benefits people derive from plants?
